The image is from the Giza Plateau Computer Model.
Robert Bauval, in The Orion Mystery, noticed that a North-South reflection of the plan of the Pyramids of Giza matched the pattern of the 3 Pearls, or stars of the Belt of Orion. The plan may also match a larger star pattern, as we shall see.
Graham Hancock, in Fingerprints of the Gods, following R. A. Schwaller de Lubicz and John West, noticed that the water-weathering of the Sphinx was consistent with the Sphinx and 3 Pyramids being built, not just 4,000-5,000 years ago, since when the weather in Giza has been very arid, but during the Age of Leo, 11,000-13,000 years ago.
The 3 Giza pyramids were the only large ones successfully built at the Golden Mean PHI angle of about 52-degrees. John Legon has noted that, although the Great Golden Pyramid was built at the Golden Mean PHI angle of 51 degrees 52 minutes; the Second Pyramid was (according to Petrie) built at 53 degrees 10 minutes, which is closer to a Pythagorean 3,4,5 triangle slope; and the Third Pyramid was build at 51 degrees 0 minutes, although its slope measurement is less certain. In my opinion, all 3 Giza pyramid angles are close enough to roughly 52 degrees to be considered by their builders to approximately square the circle whose radius is their height. It is possible that the 4:3 slope of a 3,4,5 triangle is an easier approximately Golden construction technique to use on the Second Pyramid, which is much less elaborate and detailed than the Great Golden Pyramid. I think that the 3 Giza pyramids were built as a group at the time the Sphinx was built, long before other pyramids were built much later, around 4500-4000 years ago. At the later times, people tried to copy the 52-degrees slope, but had lost the technology, so: they failed (Meidum collapse); tried again and bent the top part of the Bent Pyramid to 43-degrees in order to avoid another collapse; then gave up and went to 43-degrees with the Red Pyramid; and then just gave up on pyramids, the later ones being worse and worse. During the later times, people modified and added to the original Giza complex structures. The Age of Leo is defined as the period in which that formed the Gum Nebula, and with the floods that came with the Holocene end of the Ice Age.When Vela X went supernova about 11,000 years ago, it was the brightest star in the sky. The Egyptians of that time identified it with learning writing and agriculture from their goddess Seshat, the principal wife of Thoth.
Aside from Vela X, Sirius (the alpha star of Canis Major) was the brightest star in the sky. The Egyptians identified Sirius with Isis, whose Egyptian Gnostic followers produced a table related to the tarot that may have encoded principles of the Book of Thoth.
The character of the Egyptian god Osiris parallelled that of Quetzalcoatl of the Maya and Viracocha of the Inca. Osiris left Egypt in charge of Isis to visit the rest of the earth and teach men agriculture and civilization. The Egyptians identified Orion, whose alpha star is Betelgeuse, with Osiris.
Now, compare the star pattern with the reflected plan of Giza: Let the River Nile correspond to the Milky Way, and let the pyramids correspond to the stars: the Third Pyramid to Betelgeuse (Osiris); the Second Pyramid to Sirius (Isis); and the Great Golden Pyramid to Vela X (Seshat and Thoth). Just as the Causeway from the Second Pyramid leads to the Sphinx which faces a rising Leo, Sirius faces Regulus. Now consider the alignment of the 3 pyramids. They are lined up: large; medium; small; so you might ask whether they are lined up in artistic perspective to go to a vanishing point, an idea due to Stephen Goodfellow. The 3 pyramids are not lined up in a straight line, so there is no LINEAR vanishing point. However, on a 2-dimensional sphere like the surface of the Earth (or the celestial sphere of the sky) elliptic conformal geometry of the sphere allows you to treat circles and lines as the same thing. To look at the perspective of the 3 pyramids using elliptic spherical conformal geometry, look at the hemisphere of each pyramid, and project each hemisphere down onto a common ground base elevation, the surface of the Earth sphere. Since the 3 pyramids were built according to the Golden Ratio, they each "squared the circle". That is, the total circumference of the base is the circumference of a circle whose radius is the height of the pyramid. So, the hemisphere of each pyramid is the sphere whose center is the center of the base of the pyramid and whose radius is the height of the pyramid. The top of the sphere is then the apex of the pyramid. Then, instead of running straight perspective lines through outside corners of the bases of each pyramid, you should run perspective circle curves through: 1. the center of the circular base of each hemisphere, which is also the pyramid apex projected to the ground; 2. the outer perspective circle should be tangent to the outside of the circular base of each hemisphere; and 3. the inner perspective circle should be tangent to the inside of the circular base of each hemisphere. Then all three perspective circles will meet at TWO vanishing points.In the case of straight line perspective in a plane, there is only one FINITE vanishing point, but there is a second one at infinity. Our elliptic spherical geometry has two vanishing points in all cases, because the sphere is made from a plane by including the point at infinity as the North Pole. One of the two vanishing points, the NorthEast one, is near the end of the causeway leading from the Great Pyramid. It corresponds to the nearest star system, the triple star system containing Rigel Kent, or Alpha Centauri. The other vanishing point is near the southern outer boundary wall of the Giza complex beyond the Third Pyramid. John Legon has noted that, while other outer boundary walls of the entire Giza complex are straight and oriented North-South or East-West, this wall runs West to East about 7 degrees South of East, and is not straight, but appears to be the arc of a circle of radius of curvature about 11,000 cubits, which is approximately the total perimeter of the entire Giza complex, a square about 2,750 cubits per side, with the vanishing points being at the NorthEast and SouthWest corners. The SouthWest vanishing point beyond the Third Pyramid is not particularly near any large known structure at Giza. With respect to the stars, it corresponds to the anticenter of the Milky Way, the antipodal point on the celestial sphere of the center of the Milky Way in Sagittarius. The Plane of the Ecliptic intersects the Milky Way near its center and its anticenter.
One thing near the anticenter is the Crab Nebula pulsar. The Crab Nebula and its pulsar were created by a supernova that exploded about 7,500 years ago. Since it is about 6,500 light years away, it was not seen on Earth until about 1,000 years ago, on 4 July 1054 AD. Bauval and Hancock (The Message of the Sphinx, Crown 1996) noticed that the Crab Nebula is near the crossing of the Milky Way by the Plane of the Ecliptic. Another pulsar in the area is Geminga, about 500 light years away. Geminga has high tranverse velocity, about 120 km/sec or about 0.4 light years per 1,000 years, moving toward Orion from Gemini, currently at about 1 degree per 20,000 years. Geminga's radial velocity is unknown, but if it were 200 km/sec, or 0.67 light year per 1,000 years, it could have been within 300 light years of Earth at 340,000 years ago. Geminga is bright in X-rays and gamma rays, but optically very dim (25th mag) and hard to detect, hence its name (Milanese for "It's not there."). It has a period of 4 pulses per second so that it is probably no older than about 340,000 years. As its spinning could have slowed down faster if it had starquake glitches, it could have exploded as a supernova somewhat earlier. Ellis, Fields, and Schramm have studied the possible geological consequences of the Geminga supernova. They cite evidence for anomalous 10Be abundance about 35,000 years ago. If Geminga exploded about 340,000 years ago, and then were only about 300 light years from Earth, and if its shock wave and accumulated material travelled at 400 km/sec, or about 1 light year per 1,000 years, they could have arrived at Earth about 35,000 years ago, when Cro-Magnons appeared. Geminga's radiation, on the other hand, would have hit Earth about 340,000 years ago, very roughly when Neanderthals appeared.
The correspondences are reinforced by: the existence of three small pyramids near the Third Pyramid, like the 3 Pearl stars of the Belt of Orion near Betelgeuse; the existence of one small pyramid near the Second Pyramid, since Sirius is a binary star, with bright Sirius A having a faint dwarf-star companion (Sirius B), something known to ancient Egyptians and African tribes such as the Dogon; and the existence of many small structures near the Great Golden Pyramid, like the many stars of the Milky Way in the neighborhood of Vela X.
The star maps were made with Voyager II for Macintosh.
More interesting history, math, and language stuff is on an Egyptian Hieroglyphics page.
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